My Opinion About The Video Assume Nothing - 848 Words

The video â€Å"assume nothing† was in my opinion a good choice to view in Soc 212. I think that this video was assigned for this class because it definitely fits with the name of this course â€Å"woman/men in a changing society†. This video showed not just biologically born females, but biologically born males that shared their stories and how they have changed the way that they identify themselves with a specific gender, as society changes and moves toward accepting that there is more than one gender. As well as, this video helped us see where we ourselves have focused on just two genders and put people into only feminine or masculine categories. I learned various things, primarily, different terms and definitions that I did not know existed. For example IA: which means he/she. Or even transition and Trans Man. 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Bank of England Monetary Policy Affecting Inflation Rates - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2599 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Introduction The intention of this essay is to explain how Bank of England monetary policy has affected inflation rates within Great Britain, we will take data for the time period 2009-the present, the reasoning for this is this was the time-period that Quantitative Easing was introduced. It will state recent developments in regard to interest rate policies and highlight what Quantitative Easing is and how it forms part of monetary policy. It will use recent data in regard to the setting of interest rates and inflation and how inflation and interest rates affect businesses and individuals. What is the Bank of England? The Bank of England is the Central Bank of the United Kingdom. The mission of the bank is to promote the good of the people of the United Kingdom by maintaining monetary and financial stability; she is sometimes referred to as the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street and was founded in 1694 (Bank of England, 2015). A Central Bank is nowadays primarily an agency for monetary policy. It usually also has important financial stability functions, and those become more prominent during times of financial turmoil, (Ortiz and Yam, 2009, pp.17) and although it has many differing functions dependant on which country the central bank operates in one could infer that the objective underlying all functions was for the economic interests of the nation, consistent with government economic policy (Ortiz and Yam, 2009, pp.18). The Bank of England is engaged in all of these functions, however the purpose of this essay is to highlight monetary policy and inflationary matters; as such we will now con centrate on the monetary policy function of the Bank of England. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bank of England Monetary Policy Affecting Inflation Rates" essay for you Create order What is Monetary Policy? Monetary Policy has been defined as the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank. It involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side of economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity (Economic Times, 2015). Within the United Kingdom, the Bank of England has a Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), The MPC sets an interest rate it judges will enable the inflation target to be met, (Bank of England, 2015) this target is defined by the Government set inflation target of a 2 per cent year-over-year increase in the Consumer Prices Index (Bank of England, 2015). Monetary Policy is important as it is used to maintain and engineer stable prices and confidence in the currency through the setting of interest rates, again this is defined by the governments inflation target. A central bank has two tools it can use to try to influence the economy in terms of monetary po licy; the setting of interest rates and the expansion and contraction of the money supply. One of the key elements of monetary policy is how a central bank tries to keep the supply and demand for goods in some form of equilibrium by changing its official interest rate. This is known as the Base Rate or Bank Rate, and it signals and attempt to influence the overall level of activity in the economy. When demand for goods and services in the economy exceed supply, inflation tends to rise above the Banks target rate of 2%. On the other hand, when supply exceeds demand, inflation tends to fall below the Banks 2% target (Bank of England, 2015). By changing the interest rate the bank is able to influence other banks and building societies in their borrowing and lending activities and therefore affect spending in the economy. It does this in an attempt to keep inflation in line with its pre-determined target of 2%. A reduction in interest rates makes saving less attractive and borrowing more attractive, which stimulates spending. Lower interest rates can also affect consumers and firms cash-flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a fall in interest rates reduces the income from savings and the interest payments due on loans. (Bank of England, 2015) Another, more unconventional, form of monetary policy is that of Quantitative Easing. This is when a Central Bank creates new money electronically to buy financial assets, like government bonds. This process aims to directly increase private sector spending in the economy and return inflation to target. (Bank of England, 2015) This was first used in the UK in March 2009 and involves the cash injection [which] lowers the cost of borrowing and boosts asset prices to support spending and get inflation back to target. If inflation looks like being too high, the Bank of England can sell these assets to reduce the amount of money and spending in the economy. (Bank of England, 2015) Considering the current state of the British economy with a transition from a majority of full-time to part-time workers (see Fig.2), a decrease in the real wage growth (see Fig.3) and a decrease in real average weekly earnings (see Fig.4) it can be stated that the Banks current monetary policy is acting against its own interests; Promoting the good of the people of the United Kingdom by maintaining monetary and financial stability (Bank of England, 2015). (Fig.2) (Fig.3) (Fig.4) What is Inflation? Inflation has been defined in a number of ways, one of these definitions is that it is the rate of increase in prices for goods and services [and] there are a number of different measures of inflation in use. The most frequently quoted and most significant one [is] the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) (BBC, 2015) CPI is the speed at which the prices of the goods and services bought by households rise or fall. Consumer price inflation is estimated by using price indices. The price index estimates changes to the total cost of this basket. Most ONS price indices are published monthly. (ONS, 2013) Inflation is of great significance as it affects the prices of all goods and services, and as mentioned above it has an effect on real wages and their growth, its affects on businesses and therefore their employment policies i.e. full time as opposed to part-time employment, consumption and an ability to save. Recent Monetary Policy We have established that Monetary Policy consists of a setting of an Interest Rate or Bank Rate and also a relatively new form of monetary policy called Quantitative Easing. Since Quantitative Easing is new and was first introduced in 2009 we will use policy and the relevant interest rates relating to this time-period. The following is an extract taken from the Bank of Englands website: The previous change in Bank Rate was a reduction of 0.5 percentage points to 0.5% on 5 March 2009. A programme of asset purchases financed by the issuance of central bank reserves was initiated on 5 March 2009. The previous change in the size of that programme was an increase of  £50 billion to a total  £375 billion on 5 July 2012. (Bank of England, 2015) As we can see the Bank has kept its interest rate policy at a constant for the last 6 years, a record-low. Recent Inflation Using the same time-period as above we can show the inflation rate and how it has fluctuated: (Fig 1.) As can be seen from the graph above the level of inflation began to appreciate with the setting of the 0.5% interest rate which is in conjunction with economic theory as individuals tend to borrow therefore spend more which leads companies to raise prices. However, during 2012 other factors came into effect and we have seen depreciation in inflation. Of late one such factor could be the decrease in oil prices which has lead to significant revenue shortfalls in many energy exporting nations, while consumers in many importing countries are likely to have to pay less to heat their homes or drive their cars. (BBC, 2015). This is of importance as consumers use oil and other natural resources and it makes up part of their essential consumption, for example, if oil prices decrease then the cost of travelling, heating and lighting becomes cheaper. As can be seen from the grap h and the monetary policy that has been implemented by the Bank of England we can see the bank has entered into an unknown territory in that it has encountered an inflation level very close to 0% and also have an interest rate policy close to 0%. The level of inflation is below its desired target of 2% and therefore they, ideally, would like to be in a position to lower the interest rate to generate an increase in inflation, however, should the Bank of England begin to increase interest rates we would see an increase in the payments of debt. This remains true for governments also, with Britains debt rapidly increasing as a percentage of GDP (see Fig.5) this would ensure if not increase the probability of the government itself defaulting on its debt. With many other factors such as lowering oil prices, high unemployment, and a decrease in consumers disposable income aiding in the depreciation of inflation it will be interesting to see the Bank of Englands next change in monetary poli cy and to observe its implications. (Fig.5) The Effects of Inflation Inflation has many different effects on a variety of different practitioners such as businesses and individuals. For businesses high levels of inflation can lead to higher sales revenue and therefore higher profit margins, however, this can be a short-lived occurrence as the cost of sales will also be affected increasing business costs and lowering profit margins. It is also likely that employees will at some-point request an increase in wages to keep pace with the raising costs of goods and services. Business will also need to be aware of the changing conditions within central and commercial banks as if inflation is raising beyond a pre-determined level then the central banks will alter their interest rate to ensure they meet their targets. This in turn will affect commercial banks and therefore the general cost of borrowing; this can also effect debt repayments and eventually profit-margins. Low levels of inflation can also lead to higher sales revenue as customers take advant age of an increase in purchasing power and are therefore more likely to make rapid purchases, however, when inflation levels are low this suggests that interest rates are high and therefore saving becomes more attractive however this is not always the case. This could then lead to lower sales revenue as consumers will tend to favour savings over spending. For individuals, high levels of inflation mean that prices of goods and services are increasing therefore individuals on a fixed income are proportionately spending a larger amount of their income on essentials, leading to a lower amount of disposable income. This means that interest rates are low and therefore saving becomes unattractive leaving consumers at the behest of the macroeconomic environment. However, dependant on the levels of inflation it is quite likely that the central banks will adjust interest rates accordingly and raise them, allowing consumers to benefit from the possibility of saving. There are some other external factors which are out of the control of the Bank of England which also have an effect on British consumers and inflation such as currency exchange rates, other countries interest rates and oil prices. (Ramady, 2009, pp.10) Conclusion In conclusion, we have discussed the Bank of England and its monetary policy and how the setting of interest rates has an effect on inflation and how this in turn affects businesses and individuals. We have seen that there are numerous different ways in which interest rates and inflation can be adjusted given the economic environment and how the central bank and commercial banks control monetary policy to meet a pre-determined inflationary target à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this target is 2% within the United Kingdom. We have also used data and recent policy to illustrate the affects, which has brought us to an interesting point in economic history in that the central bank, commercial banks, businesses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" large and small à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and consumers have entered into a predicament in that we have a situation where both inflation and interest rates have reached near or exactly 0%. The central banks, various other large financial and political institutions must now crea te and adapt to a different strategy as it seems they have exhausted the use of their monetary policy tools and although Quantitative Easing tends to boost the economy short-term, we have still seen this new tool used on multiple occasions. It seems that if their current strategy was working, why all around the world are we continuing to observe economic instability in various forms such as high unemployment, highly volatile inflation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and deflation in some areas -, a reduction in real wages and a shift from mainly full-time to part-time working hours, these different negative economic consequences of a policy that results in more instability whilst the stated of objective of the institution is Promoting the good of the people of the United Kingdom by maintaining monetary and financial stability(Bank of England, 2015). Bibliography Bank of England. (2015). About the Bank. Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/Pages/default.aspx Bank of England. (2015). Bank of England maintains Bank Rate at 0.5% and the size of the Asset Purchase Programme at  £375 billion. Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Pages/news/2015/004.aspx Bank of England. (2015). How does monetary policy work? Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetarypolicy/Pages/how.aspx Bank of England. (2015). Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetarypolicy/Pages/overview.aspx Bank of England. (2015). Promoting the good of the people of the United Kingdom by maintaining monetary and financial stability https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/Pages/home.aspx Bank of England. (2015). What is Quantitative Easing? Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetarypolicy/Pages/qe/default.aspx Bank of England. (2015). What we do. Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/Pages/onemission/default.aspx BBC. (2015). Falling Oil Prices: Who are the winners and losers? Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-29643612 BBC. (2015). QA: Inflation Explained. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12196322 Economic Times. (2015). Definition of Monetary Policy'. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/monetary-policy Ortiz, S. And Yam, J. (2009). Issues in the Governance of Central Banks, Central Bank Governance Group, pp.17, [PDF]. Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/othp04.pdf Telegraph. (2015). Inflation: RPI, CPI and RPIJ explained. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/9792480/Inflation-RPI-CPI-and-RPIJ-explained.html Bank of England. (2015). QE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Quantitative Easing (QE) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Injecting Money Into The Economy. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/Documents/resources/postcards/qecomp.pdf Office of National Statistics (ONS), (2013). Consumer Price Indices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A Brief Guide https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/user-guidance/prices/cpi-and-rpi/consumer-price-indicesa-brief-guide.pdf Bank of England. (2015). Quantitative Easing (QE) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Injecting Money Into The Economy [PDF] https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/Documents/resources/postcards/qecomp.pdf Ramady, M. (2009). External and Internal Determinants of Inflation: A Case Study of Saudi Arabia, Middle East Journal of Economics and Finance, pp.10 [PDF] Available at: https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/FINEC/ramadyma/articles/External%20%20Internal%20Determinants%20of%20inflation-A%20Case%20Study%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia.pdf Illustrations Figure 1. United Kingdom Inflation Rate (1915) [Image] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/inflation-cpi Figure 2. Three month average for the percentage of people working full and part time respectively, September-November 2000 to September-November 2013 [Image] pp.9 Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_351467.pdf Figure 3. AWE real wage growth and the range of real wage growth estimates using other ONS wages and price series, Q1 2001 to Q3 2013, per cent change on the same quarter a year ago [Image] pp.5 Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_351467.pdf Figure 4. Real Average Weekly Earnings and Real Average Hourly Wage, Index 2005=100 [Image] pp.8 Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_351467.pdf Figure 5. UK National Debt % GDP [Image] Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/334/uk-economy/uk-national-debt/

Student Loan Debt And Consumer Choice - 2824 Words

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`` Dear Billy Bob Joe `` Essay - 1716 Words

Dear Billy Bob Joe, Across the world there are a surplus of beliefs and systems regarding Gods and religions. There are hundreds and thousands of theologians that claim they have the â€Å"truth† about the world and human creation. Although some of these claims may have truth wrapped in them, often times they are covered with fabrication, simply desiring to please the listener and offer the most beneficial reasoning for accepting it. I understand why someone with no religious upbringing or background would not quite know where to start when taking a look at Christianity; however, I’m here to help you understand the amazing aspects of Christianity. These aspects have caused over two billion people around the world to dedicate their lives and ways to follow the center of the religion- God. There are many parts of Christianity that differentiate it from other religions, but for the sake of your time and immediate sanity- I will only delve into three of them. Upon identifying them, you might face some initial confusion, but know that I will explain each one in depth, so that you can completely wrap your mind around them. Grace, the Doctrine of the Trinity, and the Resurrection of Jesus Christ are all characteristics that comprise a Christian’s relationship with God. All three of these topics set apart Christianity from other religions that claim to have the real truth. Salvation, as known by many different religions, is a sort of deliverance from the physical and spiritual aspectsShow MoreRelatedMichael Arlen Ode to Thanksgiving1439 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone is required to handle with the greatest of care! Consider the participants, the merrymakers: men and women (also children) who have survived passably well throughout the years, mainly as a result of living at considerable distances from their dear parents and beloved siblings, who on this feast of feasts must apparently forgather (as if beckoned by an aberrant fairy godmother), usually by circuitous routes, through heavy traffic, at a common meeting place, where the very moods, distempers, andRead MoreGambling a Bad Bet5057 Words   |  21 Pagesproduces a deterioration of society. Even legalized gambling on a large scale, such as in Las Vegas, Reno, and Atlantic City, has brought inner city blight, decay, and despair and has been a major contributor to soaring crime rates. In an articl e by Bob Gill that appeared in the February 1991 issue of the Business Journal of New Jersey, Atlantic City is referred to as â€Å"being a con man’s paradise, the land of broken promise, the monument to greed, and the supreme headquarters of tackiness.† He describesRead MoreSports17369 Words   |  70 Pagesavailable at http://www.americansporscasteronline.com, from American Sportscasters Online. Choose one of these events to research further, and feel free to add more to the list. Sept. 6, 1920 - First Radio Broadcast of a Prizefight -Jack Dempsey versus Billy Miske - WWJ Nov. 25, 1920 - First Radio Play-by-Play Broadcast of a Collegiate Football Game - Texas University versus Mechanical College of Texas - WTAW Aug. 5, 1921 - First Radio Broadcast of a Baseball Game-Pittsburgh Pirates versus PhiladelphiaRead MoreSports17363 Words   |  70 Pagesavailable at http://www.americansporscasteronline.com, from American Sportscasters Online. Choose one of these events to research further, and feel free to add more to the list. Sept. 6, 1920 - First Radio Broadcast of a Prizefight -Jack Dempsey versus Billy Miske - WWJ Nov. 25, 1920 - First Radio Play-by-Play Broadcast of a Collegiate Football Game - Texas University versus Mechanical College of Texas - WTAW Aug. 5, 1921 - First Radio Broadcast of a Baseball Game-Pittsburgh Pirates versus PhiladelphiaRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagestraditional stance, Naim argues that it will continue to support the vinyl format for as long as demand for this remains and will not rule out the development of new products in this area. The ï ¬ nal ï ¬ rm we shall consider is Meridian Audio, founded in 1977 by Bob Stuart and Allen Boothroyd. Meridian products have proved popular among audiophiles and more recently in the lifestyle technology/home theatre ï ¬ eld. Of the three ï ¬ rms described here, Meridian was the ï ¬ rst to embrace compact disc as a format. Meridia nRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesMichigan University Diane Galbraith, Slippery Rock University Carolyn Gardner, Radford University Janice Gates, Western Illinois University Ellen Kaye Gehrke, Alliant International University James Gelatt, University of Maryland University College Joe Gerard, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee Matthew Giblin, Southern Illinois University Donald Gibson, Fairfield University Cindi Gilliland, The University of Arizona Mary Giovannini, Truman State University David Glew, University of North Carolina

Should Sexual Risk Avoidance Education Be Taught At All...

Madeline Martinez EQ: SHOULD SEXUAL RISK AVOIDANCE EDUCATION BE TAUGHT IN ALL U.S. PUBLIC SCHOOLS? Introduction The following words were shown and defined in a textbook: BDSM, bondage, dom/domme, sub, top, bottom, switches. These words, which are related to the sexual practice of BDSM, happened to be presented in Your Health Today, a health textbook that was proposed to be used in Fremont, California just this past summer. The words and those like it, unlike in this paper, were defined and discussed and also mentioned different methods of this practice. Not only was the subject of BDSM discussed, but information was also provided about masturbation, orgasms, and sex toys. Many believe that these topics are too mature for fourteen year old freshmen, which would have been the target audience. But there are also people who believe that these things are natural, part of life, and normal for teenagers to be curious about. All parents believe that sex education is necessary; however, some parents thought that sexual education should teach farther than anatomy, STIs, and pregnancies because those are the only necessities, in their eyes. This book caused an outrage from more than a thousand parents who signed a petition to have the book pulled. As of right now, the school is using the old, outdated book they have been using for years (â€Å"Health†). Although the extreme case in Fremont is not representative of the national conversation, people throughout the country are discussing sexShow MoreRelatedSex Education And The Early 19th Century1204 Words   |  5 PagesSex education is instruction on issues relating to human sexuality, including emotional relations and responsibilities, human sexual anatomy, sexual activity, sexual reproduction, age of consent, reproductive health, reproductive rights, safe sex, birth control, and abstinence. 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Comfort Place free essay sample

The waves thunder into shore. Seagulls banter in the sand. But I lay with my book in hand, watching as the sun sinks below the horizon. Tranquility is a pleasant change from my life’s chaos. I let my thoughts drift as I melt away in the sand. Am I this character? Or perhaps, is she me? Couples walk hand in hand along the shoreline. Oblivious to it all, I sink deeper and deeper into the story. Here, I am alone with my thoughts. Reflecting. Analyzing. Enjoying. Mothers and fathers lift their children from the sand and withdraw from their sandcastles. It’s funny, no matter what age, I don’t see a child cry or whine. Can they feel it too? The beauty. God’s creation. A profound treasure. I remember the first time I sat here. It was a family vacation. My sisters and I spent hours imagining and creating games. We will write a custom essay sample on Comfort Place or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We sat in the sand, burying sea shells deep beneath its layers, only to strain through it moments later to uncover our riches. But my book draws me back. Transported to Venice, Italy, I race through the narrow streets with endless twists and turns. I, the orphan girl, am on the run. But why? I hear sirens. My heart pounds. Dread comes over me. I take a look back and see the motorcycles winding in between the people I pushed out of the way. Where am I going? Why am I so scared? What did I do? The Rialto Bridge. I see it. After a climb, I leap over the edge. Just as my head plunges under the water, I am reminded of where I am. The ocean tongue continues to lap at the shoreline. The last time I was here, it was June. The hot sun beat down on my skin and the water offered a cool retreat. Volleyball Nationals finished days before. Swapping whistles for waves, sport courts for sand, and shambles for shells, I float on my back gently swaying with the tide. A period of recovery. My love for the beach doesn’t spawn from its beauty, but rather from the memories it stores. Eyelids feeling heavier drift shut. My book slips out of my hand and the rolling thunder brings the promise of a new serenity. Just like the book, the beach allows me to turn a new page and continue on.

Status of Woman in Indian Society free essay sample

STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE PAST TO THE PRESENT Ancient India:- In ancient India, the women enjoyed equal status with men in all fields of life. Works by ancient Indian grammarians such as Patanjali and Katyayana suggest that women were educated in the early Vedic period. Rigvedic verses suggest that the women married at a mature age and were probably free to select their husband. Scriptures such as Rig Veda and Upanishads mention several women sages and seers, notably Gargi and Maitreyi. According to studies, women enjoyed equal status and rights during the early Vedic period. 14] However, later (approximately 500 B. C. ), the status of women began to decline with the Smritis (esp. Manusmriti) and with the Islamic invasion of Babur and the Mughal empire and later Christianity curtailing womens freedom and rights. Although reformatory movements such as Jainism allowed women to be admitted to the religious order, by and large, the women in India faced confinement and restrictions. We will write a custom essay sample on Status of Woman in Indian Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The practice of child marriages is believed to have started from around sixth century. Medieval period The Indian womans position in the society further deteriorated during the medieval period when Sati among some communities, child marriages and a ban on widow remarriages became part of social life among some communities in India. The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent brought the purdah practice in the Indian society. Among the Rajputs of Rajasthan, the Jauhar was practiced. In some parts of India, the Devadasis or the temple women were sexually exploited. Polygamy was widely practised especially among Hindu Kshatriya rulers. In spite of these conditions, some women excelled in the fields of politics, literature, education and religion. In South India, many women administered villages, towns, divisions and heralded social and religious institutions. The Bhakti movements tried to restore womens status and questioned some of the forms of oppression . Shortly after the Bhakti movement, Guru Nanak, the first Guru of Sikhs also preached the message of equality between men and women. Historical practices that hindered women empowerment such as sati, jauhar, and devadasi have been banned and are largely defunct in modern India. However, some cases of these practices are still found in remote parts of India. The purdah is still practised by Indian women among some communities, and child marriage remains prevalent despite it being an illegal practice. British rule European scholars observed in the 19th century that Hindu women are naturally chaste and more virtuous than other women. During the British Raj, many reformers such as Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyotirao Phule etc. fought for the upliftment of women. Peary Charan Sarkar, a former student of Hindu College, Calcutta and a member of Young Bengal set up the first free school for girls in India in 1847 in Barasat, a suburb of Calcutta Raja Rammohan Roys efforts led to the abolition of the Sati practice under Governor-General William Cavendish-Bentinck in 1829. Ishwar Chandra . Vidyasagars crusade for the improvement in condition of widows led to the Widow Remarriage Act In 1917, the first womens delegation met the Secretary of State to demand womens political rights, supported by the Indian National Congress. The All India Womens Education Conference was held in Pune in 1927. In 1929, the Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed, stipulating fourteen as the minimum age of marriage for a girl through the efforts of Mahomed Ali Jinnah. Though Mahatma Gandhi himself married at the age of thirteen, he later urged people to boycott child marriages and called upon the young men to marry the child widows. Women played an important part in Indias independence struggle. Independent India Women in India now participate in all activities such as education, sports, politics, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc. Indira Gandhi, who served as Prime Minister of India for an aggregate period of fifteen years is the worlds longest serving woman Prime Minister The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality (Article 14), no discrimination by the State (Article 15(1)), equality of opportunity (Article 16), equal pay for equal work (Article 39(d)). In addition, it allows special provisions to be made by the State in favour of women and children (Article 15(3)), renounces practices derogatory to the dignity of women (Article 51(A) (e)), and also allows for provisions to be made by the State for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. (Article 42). The feminist activism in India picked up momentum during later 1970s. Female activists united over issues such as female infanticide, gender bias, women health, and female literacy. Since alcoholism is often associated with violence against women in India, many women groups launched anti-liquor campaigns in Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and other states. Many Indian Muslim women have questioned the fundamental leaders interpretation of womens rights under the Shariat law and have criticized the triple talaq system. In 1990s, grants from foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of new women-oriented NGOs. Self-help groups and NGOs such as Self Employed Womens Association (SEWA) have played a major role in womens rights in India. The Government of India declared 2001 as the Year of Womens Empowerment . The National Policy For The Empowerment Of Women came was passed in 2001. In 2010 March 9, one day after International Womens day, Rajyasabha passed Womens Reservation Bill, ensuring 33% reservation to women in Parliament and state legislative bodies. Women upliftment and empowerment in  India  first received National and International recognition when the Indira Gandhi’s Government launched the Indira Mahila Yojana and when the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) incorporated the issue of Women Upliftment as one of its primary objective. PRESENT SCENARIO: Even after fifty seven years of Indian independence, women are still one of the most powerless and marginalized sections of Indian society. The 2001 Census shows that the sex ratio for India is 933, which is lowest in the world. Percentage of female literacy is 54. 16 (2001 Census) against male literacy of 75. 85 per cent. In India, womens representation in Parliament and in the State Assemblies has never beyond 8 and 10 per cent respectively . Most of the working women remain outside the organised sector. A mere 2. per cent women are administrators and managers, 20. 5 per cent professional and the technical workers, all of whom collectively earn 25 per cent of the shared income. Violence against women is on the rise Women of India are relatively disempowered and they enjoy somewhat lower status than that of men in spite of many efforts undertaken by government. Gender gap exists regarding access to education and employment. Household decision making power and freed om of movement of women vary considerably with their age, education and employment status. Acceptance of unequal gender norms by women are still prevailing in the society. More than half of the women believe wife beating to be justified for one reason or the other. Fewer women have final say on how to spend their earnings. Control over cash earnings increases with age, education and with place of residence. Women’s exposure to media is also less relative to men. Rural women are more prone to domestic violence than that of urban women. A large gender gap exists in political participation too. EMERGING ROLES